Fleas can remain dormant for a surprisingly long time. But this all depends on where they are living.
Fleas are only able to be dormant in their pupae phase (this is after they have hatched but are not yet a full adult flea). Click here to see the flea life cycle, to see how they go from egg to fully fledge biting machine.
Flea pupae can stay inactive for weeks or even months. They will come as adults when conditions are ideal, such as warm and humid spots, within 1–2 weeks. But, if the conditions are cold and dry or with no movement, they'll stay tucked up in their cocoon for up to six months or longer.
Being in a dormant state means fleas can withstand cold seasons or periods without a lovely blood meal. And then when the weather gets better or there's a meal to grab, adult fleas will emerge with vengeance. This is why fleas can return or you can be infested randomly after returning home off holiday.